Как бы то ни было, для применения фильтра в то время как btrfs subbuume snapshotting?

Нет, невозможно создать моментальный снимок, исключая файлы или каталоги. Вот что говорит вики BTRFS:

A subvolume is like a directory - it has a name, there's nothing on it when it is created, and it can hold files and other directories. There's at least one subvolume in every Btrfs filesystem, the top-level subvolume.

As well as being like directories, subvolumes can be mounted independently of the rest of the filesystem. They are also the unit of snapshotting: you can make an atomic snapshot of a single subvolume, but not a whole tree of them; you can't make an atomic snapshot of anything smaller than a subvolume (like, say, a single directory). - https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/FAQ#Subvolumes