$ perl -lane '$,="\t";
$. == 1 and do{ $h{$_} = $F[$_] for 1..$#F; print $F[0], "ASVs"; next; };
print $F[0], join ", ", map { $h{$_} } grep { $F[$_] == 1 } 1..$#F;
' file
Результаты:
#OTUID ASVs
OTU1 ASV_1, ASV_4, ASV_10
OTU2 ASV_2, ASV_5
OTU3 ASV_6, ASV_8, ASV_9