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Помимо принятого ответа и статьи о демистификации TTY , мне очень понравилось читать эти статьи:

Этот основан на NetBSD.

Back in the stone ages of Unix, computer systems consisted of a mainframe, a big box of blinking lights which had memory, mass storage and computing units, and that run processes started by users or operators. As the hardware was very expensive, the systems were used as true multiuser systems, with many people interacting with the system at the same time. What it usually didn't have - unlike today's Unix workstations - was a fixed monitor and keyboard. Instead, issuing commands to the machine and retrieving output was done over serial lines, using teletypers first, and CRT (cathode ray tube) terminals later. Teletypers - that's where the "ttys" in Unix come from - are electronic typewriters that send keys pressed over the serial line to the host, and replies were sent back to the teletyper char by char over the serial line, with the built-in printer putting the reply on paper, much like a typewriter.

Этот основан на Linux.

Terminals are devices that provide enhanced input/output capabilities beyond what could be achieved with only regular files, pipes, and sockets. These features are designed to make it easier for humans to interact with computers, and are useless for programs trying to talk to each other.

Этот основан на Linux.

Generally speaking a terminal is a relatively dumb electro-mechanical device with an input interface (like a keyboard) and an output interface (like a display or sheet of paper).

Существует также вводный плейлист по терминалам и оболочкам Брайана Уилла на YouTube.